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...if the arm has been immobilized for many weeks either because of being in a sling or following surgery. Treatment for this condition involves medication as well as stretching exercises. In rare cases, surgery may be required to enable the joint capsule to move freely.

Frozen shoulder disease occurs in three stages, each continuing for several months. In the painful stage, pain is experienced with shoulder movements and the range of movement of the shoulder joint becomes limited. In the frozen stage the pain may subside, but stiffness increase and motion of the shoulder is further decreased. In the thawing stage, the range of motion starts to improve. In some cases, the pain becomes aggravated at night and sleep may be disrupted as a result. Frozen shoulder syndrome takes place due to the tightening and thickening of the capsule that makes up the shoulder joint. There is also an autoimmune basis suspected to this condition since it is known to occur commonly in those with diabetes. Medication for this syndrome includes administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications for relieving pain, corticosteroids which help reduce the duration of the symptoms and physical therapy in which mobility of the shoulder is improved with certain exercises. If other treatment methods fail, surgery may be recommended. A procedure known as arthroscopic capsular release is usually used wherein the thickened shoulder capsule is divided. Care at home involves using the affected shoulder as much as possible in daily activity, within limits. Application of hot or cold compresses also helps to alleviate pain and swelling.

Another condition that affects the shoulder area is shoulder bursitis, also referred to as rotator cuff syndrome. This inflammation caused in the shoulder joint area results in a group of symptoms termed as shoulder impingement syndrome. This syndrome develops when the tendons of the rotator cuff and the bursa become inflamed. In most cases relief may be obtained from stretching exercises and application of an ice pack which helps to reduce inflammation and heating pads which help to ease muscle tension. A shoulder wrap is also sometimes recommended in cases of shoulder impingement.

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